Beta Particle Definition - Chemistry Glossary

Beta Particle  Definition: An electron or positron. The term is generally applied to an electron or positron emitted in radioactive beta decay.

Stroop Effect Essay - 1125 Words

An Examination of the Stroop Effect among College Students Esmeralda Fierro Dixie State University Abstract 250 word summary of the paper One paragraph only Do not indent the paragraph An Examination of the Stroop Effect among College Students The Stroop experiment by J. Ridley Stroop in 1935 was performed in order to analyze the reaction time of participant’s stimuli and desired results while also obtaining a collective result of color interference and word reading(Stroop, 1935; Lee Chan, 2000). In the experiment three forms of the test were given, the first consisting of color patches, the second had the color words printed in black and the other was an incongruent test beaming the color did not match the color word†¦show more content†¦However in regards to general results between both genders it was shown that no definite statistical mean yielded notable results (Alansari Baroun, 2004). Stroop (1935) also showed that women college students also showed a difference when compared to the men and tended to have higher word reading results, but in regards to the genders showed no significant differentiation between both at the cognitive level. Alan sari and Baroun (2004) had participants state whether they were color blind, dyslexic, or if they had previously ever taken the Stroop test before, it was important that these interferences were factored out in order to obtain a conclusive observation in regards to all the participants involved in the experiment. MacLeod (1991) had suggested that those with disabilities tended to show high Stroop interference, also along with those with an attention deficit disorder since maintaining concentration throughout the experiment and test is an important factor in obtaining more accurate results without a significant outlier. Also different levels of interference where shown in children and adults, it was also observed that interference began at an early age, declined in the adult years since most have a peak of cognitive development and understanding in adult years, but once again increased interference around the age of 60 (MacLeod,Show MoreRelatedStroop Effect Essay1147 Words   |  5 PagesThe Stroop effect was tested on four different tasks. Nineteen Queens College students were recruited by flyer, and each were assigned to a word reading task, color reading task, color inhibition task, and word inhibition task. They were timed using a stopwatch function on a cell phone, to name the color, or word to the quickest of their ability. In the order from longest reaction time to shortest: inhibition color naming task, color naming task, inhibition word reading, and word reading. This studyRead MoreThe Stroop Effect Essay1069 Words   |  5 PagesThe Stroop effect is demonstrated by the reaction time to determine a color when the color is printed in a different color’s name. Participants respond slower or make more errors when the meaning of the word is incongruent with the color of the word. Despite knowing the meaning of the word, participants showed incapability of ignoring the stimulus attribute. This reflects a clear instance of semantic interference and an unfathomed failure of selective attention (Stroop, 1935). In the study of theRead MoreThe Stroop Effect Experiment Essay773 Words   |  4 PagesThe Stroop experiment can be traced back as far as the nineteen century around the time of some particular works of Cattell and Wundt. The experiment was first written about in 1929 in German. The experiment was name after John Ridley Stroop after he had written the article â€Å"Studies of interference in serial verbal reactions,† which was published in 1935.there have been over 700 replications of this experiment The experiment is a demonstration of reaction time of a task . The Stroop experimentRead MoreEssay about The Stroop Effect Experiment1309 Words   |  6 Pagesstopwatch. On the back of each card, the correct color was written to allow for swift and accurate scoring. In order to record the results, each individual participant also needed a sheet of paper and a pencil or ballpoint pen. Procedure The famous Stroop Task, a within subjects design, was replicated on Tuesday, April 12, 2011 in classroom 303 within Harris Hall on the Marshall University campus in Huntington, West Virginia. Due to a failure in communication, the two groups followed slightly differentRead MoreEssay on Stroop Effect: Color Wording and Cognitive Interference1782 Words   |  8 Pagesan error until after it has occurred. Errors can occur by factors that can cause interference of cognitive processes. The ability to distinguish color is an example of controlled process that is a part of the Stroop Effect. The Stroop Effect was an experiment developed by John Ridley Stroop to demonstrate that interference in cognitive processes can be created. He did this by applying mismatched colors to words for colors (i.e. the word green was written in red) and having people name the color,Read MoreTo What Extent Are Cognitive Processes Influenced by Emotion1955 Words   |  8 Pagesarea of debate in its infancy. Research studying emotion was previously negligible until methods by which emotions could be measured were devised, such as through brain imaging techniques. The essay will discuss whether emoti ons can influence cognition and the extent of this influence and will look into its effect on two specific cognitive processes, memory and attention. There is evidence to suggest that cognitive processes can be influenced by emotion, however there are a number of problems with studyingRead MoreUnderstanding Depression And Anxiety, Addiction, And Dementia1099 Words   |  5 Pagesexplaining the causes of mental problems, which collects evidence from the individual’s social, psychological and biological conditions (Toates, 2010, p19). It considers those factors as interdependent and equally important (Toates, 2010, p13). This essay will evaluate this model ability to understand depression and anxiety, addiction, and dementia, and will show that in some cases of mental problems, the biopsychosocial perspective is not the appropriate tool for explaining these problems. FirstlyRead MorePsychological And Biological Explanations Of Depression1534 Words   |  7 Pagesdeath. There is much debate over what exactly causes depression. Biological explanations question hereditary and neurotransmitter factors. While psychological theories include the cognitive ideas of Beck’s negative triad and hopelessness theory. This essay will focus on the ways in which psychological and biological explanations contrast and how their theories can overlap to better understand depression. The biological theory of depression focusing on genetics argues that shared DNA is the cause of depressionRead MoreThe Difficulties in Defining and Measuring Intelligence2390 Words   |  10 Pagesenvironment and a capacity to learn from experience (Sternberg and Detterman, 1986). Tests do not , however, measure these components very effectively thus intelligence is sometimes defined operationally, in terms of what a particular test measures. This essay will outline some theories and will critically evaluate their capacity for measuring intelligence. The standard and most widely accepted method of measuring intelligence is through psychometric tests that measure a person’s Intelligence QuotientRead MoreCompare and Contrast Psychological and Biological Explanations of Schizophrenia2340 Words   |  10 PagesSchizophrenia has been termed a heterogeneous group of disorders with varied etiologies (Walker, Kestler, Bollini, amp; Hochman, 2004) which includes biological, social, cognitive and psychodynamic perspectives. To progress knowledge of schizophrenia, this essay focuses on how the biological and psychological explanations are independent and interdependent and how they may differentiate from one another. This includes: how our biological predisposition, neuro transmitter dysfunction and genetic inheritance

Obama’s Foreign Policy on China Free Essays

string(58) " of the sheer number of human labor that exists in China\." President Barack Obama and his administration’s foreign policy toward China can be summed up in one word: conciliatory. Conciliatory is not in the form of any weakness or appeasement, but rather the realization that in the 21st century global market, China is a main player on the world stage. Obama’s foreign policies are a departure from the previous administration. We will write a custom essay sample on Obama’s Foreign Policy on China or any similar topic only for you Order Now George Bush’s unilateral foreign policies were deemed domineering, even belligerent. From an international standpoint, Anti-American sentiments were at an all-time high during Iraqi War driven years. In America, the domestic stance after 9/11 saw this as an extension of patriotism and commitment. Nowadays, both domestically and internationally, many pundits would argue that Obama’s policy record in China inspires hope and optimism. President Obama is acknowledging the fact of a much more multipolar world exists where America cannot take all of the leadership roles by itself. Yet, at the same time, the world cannot go forward without America. In this respect, China needs a wide open market where they can export all their manufactured goods to consumers worldwide. Thus, it is a mutual benefit for China to have good international relations with other societies to acquire raw materials and sell products to overseas companies. President Obama’s policies toward China reflect a forward marching multilateral approach that deliberates an equal level playing field in terms of economic opportunities so that not one country can monopolize or control the global market. There is a thin line when it comes to economic diplomacy and military presence, so in regards to the currency value of the Chinese Yuan/Renminbi, the Obama administration has used strategic requests to the World Trade Organization and United Nations to sanction China on purposely keeping their currency low. These formal accusations were discussed early this year between President Obama and President Hu Jintao. There has been a consensus among the world leaders to use fair trading practices to help benefit all the countries especially in the delicate market of Asia Pacific. In this regards, even though the move is controversial, President Obama has ramped up military presence in the Pacific to police the trade waters and to secure areas where there were less American presence in previous years. These movements have alarmed China and Japan in particular but with the WTO and UN backing some of the agreements, Obama is hoping China welcomes some of the military help not as a threat to China’s national interests but a welcomed ally to settle any disputes in international waters with the recent troubles with Japan and other regional issues that arise. President Obama said that he was pleased to see the â€Å"peaceful rise of China† and hoped to continue to support China in its currency matters to ensure a more balanced way of doing commerce. (US Policy 2012) In May of this year, China let the renminbi hit a low of 0. 9 exchange value versus the dollar. China contends the economy was slowing â€Å"sharply† thus had no choice but to try to boost its exports as a way of mending some of the bleeding (NYTimes May, 2012) This has caused much headache for the United States because its trade deficit with China has gone over $290 billion dollars last year. The Obama administration has pressed hard for three years to let the renminbi to appreciate at a faster rate than it has been. Europe also has had some struggles with this fact because for China lowering the currency allows for competitive trade in exports but brings up the cost for imports so there is less competition inside China so its citizens benefit while other countries do not. In any case, Obama is trying to build lasting bridges of mutual respect so that in the long run, the peaceful rise will end with a peaceful future. In a sense, I believe every country must make its own interests ahead of the world to secure its citizens every benefit that is known to man. But, on the other side, without a world, it is hard for a country to reap the benefits of trade if everyone increases tariffs or lowers their currency. This is a double-edge sword that does not have an easy solution so I understand both sides and that no country is living in a vacuum. There are a quite a bit of complexities and consequences to consider and I believe there will be a mutual success in this issue. Concerning Human Capital, the Obama Administration has also pressed hard to improve the human rights issues in China in terms of economic policies to benefit workers and their family situations. Historically, having the highest population at a staggering figure of over $1. 3 billion people, the human labor supply is more than available at any given moment. Thus, United States especially has outsourced countless manufacturing companies and jobs to China. This reality the President clearly stated will not change anytime in the future so this must be an accepted reality. (Ivaneishvili 2012) So, he Obama administration has sharply criticized China for their lack of enforcement and laws to deal with such violations. But, this criticism as the State Department states applies to the United States as well, but the United States has laws to deal with this issues so the criticism is being put in a way not to outfight offend Chinese policies but to encourage an increase in the priority of the C hinese government to follow up actions to remedy the situation (Berg 2012). The State Department also applauded China for the actions that China already has taken to ensure better working conditions and labor rates. This issue hurts at the heart of any country because human capital affects the very lives each person is trying to save. The truth of the matter in my opinion is that every country does have gross human rights issues. The problems in China are magnified and pressed by most countries because of the sheer number of human labor that exists in China. You read "Obama’s Foreign Policy on China" in category "Papers" Thus, as China continues to rise and become an economic superpower as it is becoming, those concerns will be dealt with because the people inside will and cannot stand for harsh living conditions. But, this is also the crux of the matter because if the people inside working in those factories do not care, how will the bosses ever face the truth and do something about it. Moreover, the Chinese government must also take steps to allow unions to form and protest to go on even though that might be against the government itself. As long as peaceful protests are taking place, a mutually healthy society with certain liberties will allow for better conditions all around. The sanctions or false accusations only lead to more difficult climate for genuine diplomacy to take place. The Obama Administration has done their best to limit some of the criticisms, instead, suggesting some ideas and working out plausible solutions to ensure the embassies on the ground in China can be an instrument to help both sides make the right judgments and calls on the spot for every situation that may arise (Berg 2012). Countries are going to continue to outsource jobs into China because of such cheap labor. In this sense, Americans can obtain ever increasingly cheaper products while China gains more jobs for its citizens. I do not see any reason for not forming better political allies in this respect. Lastly, there has been heated contention on the political issues vis-a-vis North Korea, Iran, and Taiwan that affect the globe economically. President Obama and his administration have recently sanctioned some banks in China that have allegedly used to fund certain radical Muslim groups and Iranian nuclear proliferation aims. The Chinese government certainly denies any wrongdoing on the part of the government and so that is not the issue (NYTimes 2012). There is no doubt China and India have become large consumers of oil and natural resources over the last few years have shifted the market that oil and coal producers desperately needed (Chang 2012). Iran and the Middles East supply most of the oil for China while America has supplied a lot of the coal for China. The rate of increase is at a huge figure of 8% a quarter growth. That is a huge supply. This type of consumption has been a blessing for many number of countries including the United States so the Obama Administration on these terms are delicate to file complaints on behalf of International Labor Unions, but he has to his credit. On the other hand, many countries including China appreciate American presence but not American intervention. To connect to two issues, some of China’s unilateral policies with these countries affect national security and oil prices in America. Thus, the two are irrevocably tied together. It is not only China but Russia as well. The State Department has taken certain measures to cut the finances of certain groups or countries that have ties to terrorist organizations and nuclear goals. North Korea has been one of the countries that China seems to be passive towards. President Obama has been careful to be too unilateral or assertive in these matters but with the recent change in power in North Korea and the upcoming elections in Iran, there is a vested interest in the Obama administration to secure a more peaceful region in Asia and the Middle East. The purpose of terror is to disable and terrorize Western populations as a whole so the pressure from Americans and other Western countries to secure the Middle East has set a fire to Obama’s more multilateral approach (Obama 2012). The research is not there for an easy explanation for these events and situations. I can see why China continues to have relationships with Russia and Iran. I can also speculate why the continued help to North Korea. Most of these countries do sit right on the border of China so that reason is obvious to keep your friends close and enemies closer, but that is just it. I do feel they are enemies of China rather mutual partners. I think this is what America and Obama worries about. I believe the best ways to go about this for both countries are for more transparent policies without fine print. Relationships cannot be built on lies and deception and in my fair and balanced view, there has been plenty of that from both sides, so it is important to be transparent and open in the discussions to help liberty and economic success to grow. In this way, a peaceful China and peaceful Middle East helps everyone prosper. In conclusion, President Obama and his administration have embarked on a different path from the previous administration because of the new world order that we all face in the world. Conciliatory as a method for foreign policy has been an effective means to not isolate one country over another. In other terms, using multilateral agreements and combined pressures have made progress in China. I believe one taste of liberty, any person or group cannot wait for more so as China grows economically, it is the best interest of both countries to help one another in terms of currency, human rights, and political allies incidentally natural resources. The growth of China in recent years has been tremendous and there is so much room for it to grow more. Internally, Obama has repeated that the people in China as consumers need to consume more (US Policy 2012). This goes without saying and I believe that is happening in China. President Barack Obama is up for re-election and I am not sure who is going to win but there have been pretty strong words in regards to China and foreign policy so this paper is an interesting and important topic of study. The economist writes â€Å"Chasing the Anti-China Vote† as an article to speak of the elections. But, I happen to agree with Obama that outsourcing and manufacturing in China is there to stay so the way forward is not unilateral changes or demands. I believe China does need America’s presence in the pacific as a police figure to help. It is similar to the situations at the turn of the 20th century. China did not accept then, and I do not believe China will accept now but surely, there will have to be some compromises made on each side and I for one look forward to healthier and brighter future for both populations since I am a product of both. Works Cited Berg, Rebecca. â€Å"In Meetings, U. S. Presses Beijing on Rights. † The New York Times. The New York Times, 26 July 2012. Web. 17 Oct. 2012. . Chang, Gordon G. â€Å"How China Will Restructure the Oil Market. † Forbes. Forbes Magazine, 24 June 2012. Web. 7 Oct. 2012. . â€Å"Chasing the Anti-China Vote. † The Economist. The Economist Newspaper, n. d. Web. 16 Oct. 2012. . â€Å"Obama Foreign Policy Doctrine: Preparing America to Succeed in Multipolar World | IVANEISHVILI | Journal of Social Sciences. † Obama Foreign Policy Doctrine: Preparing America to Succeed in Multipolar World | IVANEISHVILI | Journal of Social Sciences. N. p. , n. d. Web. 16 Oct. 2012. . â€Å"Obama’s Rudderless China, Russia Policy. † a Global Public Square. N. p. , n. d. Web. 16 Oct. 2012. . â€Å"Remarks By President Obama to the Australian Parliament. The White House. N. p. , n. d. Web. 16 Oct. 2012. . Research. , Jane Perlez; Bree Feng Contributed. â₠¬Å"DIPLOMATIC MEMO; Political Worries in U. S. and China Color Obama Aide’s Beijing Visit. † The New York Times. The New York Times, 26 July 2012. Web. 16 Oct. 2012. . Shanghai. , Keith Bradsher; Xu Yan Contributed Research From. â€Å"China Lets Its Currency Depreciate. † The New York Times. The New York Times, 01 June 2012. Web. 17 Oct. 2012. . â€Å"USPolicy. † Obama and Chinese Vice President Xi Before Their Meeting. N. p. , n. d. Web. 16 Oct. 2012. . How to cite Obama’s Foreign Policy on China, Papers

Canterbury Takes And Society Essay Example For Students

Canterbury Takes And Society Essay The Canterbury Tales presents a picture of the society in which the authorlived. The pilgrims tales reflect the changing views held by society at thattime. The pilgrims must tell their tales to and from the shrine. The criteria tochoose the winner are that the tale be instructive and amusing, Tales of bestsentence and most solas (38). The tale that wins must teach a lesson and beentertaining at the same time. The tale of The Wife of Bath would have wonthe contest for these reasons. The tale is entertaining and there is a lesson tobe learned in the end. The tale told by the Wife of Bath is an entertainingtale. The entertainment comes at the beginning of the tale. In Medieval Times,the stories that were told about knights usually involved the knight having anadventure or going on a quest. In the tale, the Knight is sent on a quest by thequeen to find the answer to her question of what women desire most. The Wife ofBath describes the Knights quest for the answer to this question. It app earsthat he has failed in his quest until he meets the lady in the woods. She giveshim the answer that he is seeking. The listener is pleased by this and thelistener is even more pleased by the request that the old woman has for theKnight. This part of the tale would keep a listener listening to the speaker. The listener would want to know what happens next. The lesson of the tale comesin the latter stages of the story. The trust that exists between a married manand woman is the lesson that is brought out in the tale. The Knight is veryupset about the appearance of the woman. She is not the person that he wants tospend the rest of his life with. The woman says that if she were beautiful, hewould have to worry about other men trying to tempt her away from her husband. But if she remains old and ugly, she will be faithful and he will never have toworry that she will cheat on him. The old woman puts the choices to him in thisway. The Knight puts his trust in her. He wants her to do what will make herhappy. Trust is the lesson that comes forth in the second part of the tale. TheTale of the Wife of Bath holds entertainment as well as educational value. TheKnights quest for the answer and the womans request of the Knight keep theaudience into the tale. The audience is also made aware of the lessons of thestory for married people. These characteristics would have helped the Wife ofBaths tale to win the contest.

Symbolism In Cuckoo free essay sample

# 8217 ; s Nest Essay, Research Paper Religious Symbolism and Allusion in One Flew over the Cuckoo s Nest Ken Kesey s novel, One Flew over the Cuckoo s Nest, can be based upon some spiritual signifier of literary unfavorable judgment. The general subject was that apparently incapacitated persons could be delivered from the barbarous environment they had subjected themselves to. The Jesus can be religion itself or the object of faith such as Jesus Christ or as in the novel, Cuckoo s Nest, Randle P. McMurphy. Many analogues exist between One Flew over the Cuckoo s Nest and traditional Christian philosophy. The chief character, Randle P. McMurphy, was a Christ-like figure. Both McMurphy and Christ were influential and had a little dedicated followers. Christ frequently the Judaic rite of the jurisprudence and blamed the Scribes and pharisees ( the existences with power ) for being dissemblers. In the same mode, McMurphy frequently caused a splash be facing the system on the ward and its important figures. We will write a custom essay sample on Symbolism In Cuckoo or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page An first-class illustration of this was when McMurphy demanded to watch the World Series and caused a major perturbation on the ward. Another similarity was that Christ and McMurphy were foreigners in the universe they became a portion of. Christ was a God-man made flesh. His place was ageless in Eden and he would abandon this to come to this universe. He sacrificed his place in Eden and his life of flawlessness to come into an imperfect universe. Jesus was placed in a universe of full of wickedness ; although, he knew no wickedness which separated him from everyone else. McMurphy, on the other manus, was non of the universe of the insane. He was a really normal adult male who had planned to get away life on the work farm by coming to be evaluated on the ward. In fact, McMurphy was wholly different from the other patients. The patients on the ward suffered from a scope of unwellnesss which none could really be diagnosed as mental unwellness. The patients were victims of subjugation because they can non work within society. McMurphy and Christ were functional figures in society and led their followings to freedom fr om their different types of struggle. Christ healed the ill and delivered the bondage while McMurphy helped reconstruct a sense of being to the patients. An illustration of this is when the control panel was used by McMurphy to reconstruct the Chief dorsum to his original province of being strong. McMurphy asked, will you assure me that you can raise the panel if I get you large as you used to be and you non merely acquire my particular body-building class but yo U besides acquire a 10 vaulting horse fishing trip free! This type of concluding finally freed Chief from low self-image. Head referred to McMurphy, as a Jesus by believing if he d touch him it would regenerate him. When the adult female at the well touched Jesus, she drew strength from him. Chief said, I merely want to touch him because he s who he is, a stronger force than the Chief was. Ken Kesey uses the fishing trip as symbolic of Christ with the 12 adherents. This symbolic function focused on McMurphy as he led the 12 on the boat out toward the ocean. He perchance led them to be fishers of work forces as Jesus had done with his apostles. R.P. McMurphy sacrificed himself for the other patients as Jesus did for us. McMurphy knew that through his attempts entirely could the patients be redeemed from the control of the Combine. McMurphy saw himself as a spiritual allusion by stating the orderly, anointest my caput with conductant and stating, Will I get a Crown of irritants? . Kesey shows that McMurphy knows he s bigger than the Combine and merely his entry to have daze interventions will finally emancipate the patients. For this, McMurphy can be called a loving individual. As Christ exemplified in his forfeit of ego, what greater love hath no adult male than to give his life for a friend. Kesey s usage of the character R.P. McMurphy allowed the patients to concentrate more on him than themselves. By making this, McMurphy diverted their ideas off from their preoccupation with ego to a greater world. Compare this to the spiritual factor of projecting you burdens upon the Lord. As a consequence, patients like Chief, Billy Bibbit and Cheswick ( before his decease ) learned a sense of independency and the ability to do a base for themselves. McMurphy being lobotomized is the symbolisation of Jesus being crucified. There is small belief he s gone ; although, they really see his hitch and bruised organic structure. As Christ life so spoke for itself in decease, McMurphy s life besides grew greater after crucifixion ( leukotomy ) . His spirit as Christ s will populate on in his followings. In decision, analysing One Flew over the Cuckoo s Nest, in the signifier of a spiritual unfavorable judgment allows me to believe that no affair how corrupting society is, one can happen freedom in a Christ-like figure or through their religion or belief in a higher being. Indeed, the parts of Jesus Christ and Randle P. McMurphy will travel unnoticed by a society excessively concerned with itself to detect anything else, much less than the truth.

[WATCH] What does it really mean to be wealthy

[WATCH] What does it really mean to be wealthy Lifestyle entrepreneur Erin Gavle seemingly had it all; excellent degree from a very well respected university and a high paying advertising job in Manhattan.   But she soon realized what she didn’t have was what mattered most – fulfillment. So she left it all behind, packed her belongings in a van, and lived out of it for six months in southern California, thinking about what she wanted to do with the balance of her life.She eventually decided to return to her Midwestern hometown and open a general store called El Dorado.  Erin sat down with Daily Fuel to talk about what her version of wealth truly is, and her insights are invaluable for anyone contemplating their next professionally satisfying move.Source: [DailyFuel]

The impact of the Singaporean Culture on starting a new business ( Research Paper

The impact of the Singaporean Culture on starting a new business ( this is my part of a bigger project) - Research Paper Example Two socio-cultural factors that have an impact on their desirability are the value of innovativeness and the entrepreneurs’ social status, which indicates that the socio-cultural environment of Singapore favors entrepreneurship. Entrepreneurs setting businesses in Singapore have flexibility in various matters. Although the entrepreneurs that deal in the export of such things as sand, rubber, timber, and granite are required to procure special license, yet they have the flexibility of paying the money in the any currency they like since Singapore has no regulation of foreign exchange that normally exist in a vast majority of the countries all over the world. Entrepreneurs in Singapore, both novice and experienced need to closely monitor the modifying trends in the Singapore market and adapt the business to the changing trends in order to optimize the productivity and profitability of the business. â€Å"If you keep your eyes and ears open to new trends while doing business in Singapore, nothing can prevent you from being successful† (Moveandstay.com, 2012). Many options of business venture are available to the entrepreneurs in Singapore that can be profitable for them. ... There is a Singapore Code of Advertising Practice (SCAP) that ensures that high standards of ethics are maintained in advertising. â€Å"The basic premise of SCAP is that all advertisements should be legal, decent, honest and truthful. SCAP was formulated against the background of national law, international law and practice, including the International Code of Advertising Practice published by the International Chamber of Commerce† (CASE, 2008). The main factors that sell in Singapore are quality, price, and service. Prospective exporters need to realize that there is strong competition and the buyers look forward to getting a good after-sales service. The techniques of selling vary from one product to another, though they are comparable to the selling techniques prevailing in a sophisticated market in any country (export.gov, 2012). The extent of willingness of the members of a certain culture to accept and handle the risky and ambiguous situations is known as uncertainty av oidance. Cultures that are high in the level of uncertainty avoidance like to have predictable and structured circumstances that lead to the development and implementation of strict laws and explicit behavioral rules. Such cultures are risk averse towards engagement in the new business activities and unusual approaches of entrepreneurship. Singaporean society has low uncertainty avoidance which means that the people of Singapore have an acceptance towards ambiguity and unstructured situations. The Singaporean people like taking risks like establishing a new business and are open to new ideas. Concluding, Singapore is a land of great opportunities for the investors. The Singaporean society welcomes new ideas in business, and this openness is a great driver of innovation and creativity

Retirement options for nurses Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Retirement options for nurses - Research Paper Example The nurses enjoy their career, and they love their respectable profession, but most of them look forward to hanging up their scrubs - they opt to retire earlier than usual due to the nature of their job. In most cases, they retire without any retirement plan, and as per the report of the Center for American Nurses, not more than 40 percent of the registered nurses have any retirement plan like 401 (k) offered by the employer or any other long term saving or investment plans (Blakeley & Ribeiro, 2008). It suggests that most of them retire without any financial security. The objective of this paper is to discuss the retirement options for nurses. Retirement Options Generally, nurses don’t look forward to the retirement options as much as their male counterparts from other professions, and the prime reason for this tendency is that nurses are females who hardly take any initiatives for investments. The second reason is that they have scientific background and have no interest for financial management since they are overworked and get so tired that they procrastinate any decision of financial planning or retirement management (Goldberg, 2002). Like other professionals, nurses should also plan their financial security and retirement just from the beginning of their career. They can take the services of financial consultants or retirement consultants for their planning. There are many options available for them. These options have both financial and social aspects and are necessary since they provide them physical or health protection in old age (Glasper, 2011). Financial aspects There are various options available for the nurses which can provide them financial security after retirement. a. Personal savings – They must save 10 to 20 percent of their monthly emoluments for their future b. Recurring Deposits – Recurring deposit of even a small amount becomes a huge sum after a long time, and it helps in old age. c. Pension Plans – Many fina ncial companies offer pension plans which can be availed by the nurses: depositing a small amount per month, they will get a corresponding return per month after they retire (Ho, 2006) d. 401 (k) - Nurses can avail retirement through employer 401 (k) programs e. Besides above mentioned plans, there are many others which can benefit them after retirement; such plans include Govt savings, such as RRSP, IRS, Roth IRA, simple IRA, etc. (Goldberg, 2002) Social aspects Nurses must not forget about the social aspects of their retirement plans. Since they have been committed to their profession, they might have not fulfilled their social commitments properly, and after retirements the society would have more expectations from them (Friis et al., 2007). a. Friends and family – Due to overwork and commitment to their nurses might not have given adequate time to their families and friends, and after retirement their expectations would be high - the nurses can meet them if they have plan ned their retirement properly (Friedrich et al., 2011) b. Community involvement through volunteering – They also need to plan their retirement adequately if they wish to be involved in community programs through volunteering (Dziadekwich, Andrushko & Klassen, 2012). c. Personal pursuits such as travel, continued education, etc. – Many nurses wish to continue their education after retirement, or go on a long vacation or tour, or prefer to visit places. These personal pursuits can only be achieved if their retirement is properly

Level of Prevention Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Level of Prevention - Essay Example ed person is treated and evaluated from the point of view of potential for future risk and (c) tertiary prevention, which includes the involvement of the family and community in ensuring that an abused victim is protected from further abuse and that the physical, psychological and emotional damages caused to the elderly person are addressed, treated and prevented from future occurrence. Rosalie Wolf categorizes primary prevention measures as the use of those screening tools that would help to identify elders who at risk to be abused in the future, while secondary prevention involves the evaluation of an elder who is already being abused in order to assess the risk of future abuse in order to devise appropriate measures to cope with it. (Wolf, 2000). The results of several elderly abuse assessment tools have been combined into one comprehensive test – the H-S/EAST Test (Hwalek Sengstock Elder Abuse Screening test). This test uses a set of 15 assessment criteria which are intended to measure three different levels of abuse (a) actual incidence of direct abuse or a violation of the personal rights of the elderly person (b) the extent to which the elderly person is vulnerable to abuse and individual characteristics that increase vulnerability and (c) the identification of potentially abusive situations. This 15 point assessment tool that is executed through a series of questions wherein the elderly person is asked to list any instances where harm or hurt has been caused and this test has been recently enhanced through the additional of additional questions such as â€Å"Are you afraid of anyone in your family? â€Å"Has anyone close to you called you names or out you down or made you feel bad recently?† (Scofield et al, 1999). The efficacy of this test was also tested in a study conducted in a city in Florida to assess abuse among the elderly living in public housing and the results of the study suggested that the test is useful in measuring various facets of abuse,

Googles Performance Management System

Googles Performance Management System Contents (Jump to) 1. INTRODUCTION 2. FORMULATION OF HR STRATEGY 3. IMPLEMENTATION OF PERFORMANCE MANAGEMENT: 4. EVALUATION OF PERFORMANCE MANAGEMENT REFERENCES: 1. INTRODUCTION The practice of human resource management is concerned with all aspects of how people are employed and managed in organizations. The main principle of human resource management is to make sure that the organization is able to attain success through people. HRM aims to increase organizational efficiency and ability and the capacity of an organization to achieve its goals by making the best use of the resources available to it. Human resource management mainly deals with organizational behavior, organization design and development, people resourcing, performance management, learning and development, rewarding people and employee relations. In the organizational context, performance is usually defined as the extent to which an organizational member contributes to achieving the goals of the organization. Performance management is a regular process to improve organizational performance by improving the performance of individual persons and teams. The performance management strategy is practical to be the procedure of providing the study about the performance of the employee and is consider being the important tool in the decisions taken by the human resource department. Performance management is defined as Performance management is a strategic and integrated approach to delivering sustained success to organizations by improving the performance of the people who work in them and by developing the capabilities of teams and individual contributors (Armstrong and Baron, 2004). Performance management is the method of formulating, implementing and evaluating the work performance of employees, so that the organization will achieve their goals and objectives. Successful performance management is designed to develop performance, recognize performance requirements, and provide feedback related to those requirements and help with career development. The overall aim of performance management is to establish a high performance culture in which individuals and teams take responsibility for the continuous improvement of business processes and for their own skills and contributions within a framework provided by effective leadership (Armstrong, 2006). The objectives of performance management are (Hawkes, 1998): To sustain employees to find knowledge and skills to do their job well, To encourage in the ability of improved standards of work performance of an employee. For employees to work towards definite goals. For employees to get regular feedback on performance and For employees to achieve personal growth through acquiring significant knowledge and skills and attitudes. In todays business environment, the companys bottom line is to make more profits in long term by attracting, retaining and motivating top talent people for utmost performance. The approaches of companies for attaining profits are by offering the best rewards in the industry. The company which is in that list is Google Inc. Google early years, the search engine attracted an ever growing number of trusty users, which finally lead to an initial public offering valuing Google at US$ 23 billion. After the IPO, Google under the professional leadership of CEO Eric Schmidt, has grown greatly and continuous to innovate and expand into a numberless of industries, such as communication and web applications etc. The modern environment in which Google operate is very competitive. According to Google employees and their technical knowledge is companys greatest advantage (NYU IBA, 2008). This case study will focus on performance management tool of reward and feedback system of Google. Concentrating on how reward system is influencing the employee performance? And what are the methods used to evaluate the feedback performance management? 2. FORMULATION OF HR STRATEGY 2.1 Process of Performance Management: Performance planning and agreements: This process helps people to get into action so they can achieve planned and agreed results. This process briefly focuses on the elements like what has to be done and how it should be done and what is to be achieved. And this process is equally concentrated on developing people; helping them to learn and giving them the support they need to do well. The managers and the individuals carry out performance and development plan jointly. These planning should lead to an agreement on what needs to be done by two parties. This process is concentrating on Role profiles Objective settings Measuring performance and assessment Performance planning Development planning Role profiles This section describe the function in terms of the key result areas; define what the role possessor desires to know and be able to do and how they are likely to behave in terms of behavioral competencies and maintenance the organizations core values. This process will concentrate on rising the role profiles, defining the core result areas, defining the technical competencies, defining the behavioral competencies, and core values. Objective Setting This process describes the organizational goals or objectives to achieve over a period of time by the departments and the individuals. This will give ongoing role or the work objectives, targets, tasks, behavioral expectations, values, performance improvement, learning, and integrating objectives to manager and the individuals. As per (Armstrong, 2006) most of the organizations follow SMART mnemonic to summarize the characteristics of good objectives. S (Specific) Clear, understandable and challenging. M (Measurable) quality, quantity, money and time. A (Achievable) challenging but in the reach of a experienced and committed person. R (Relevant) related to the objectives of the organization so that the goal of the employees is associated to corporate goals. T (Time framed) objective is to be completed within a timescale. Measuring performance and assessment This process is a significant model in performance management. It is the main finding for providing and generating feedback, it identify where things are going well and where things are not going well, so that necessary action to be taken. The criteria for measuring the performance should be (Armstrong, 2006) linked to the strategic goals Focusing on inputs, outputs and outcomes, and behaviors. Point out the data or evidence that will be available as the source for measurement. Be as specific as possible in accordance with the purpose of the measurement and the accessibility of data. Give a sound basis for advice and action. Be comprehensive, covering all the main aspects of performance. The CIPD surveys of performance management in 2004 discovered that, in order of significance, the following performance measures were used by the respondents (Armstrong, 2006). Attainment of objectives Capability Quality Contribution to team Customer care Working relationships Output Flexibility Skills/learning targets Aligning personal objectives with organizational goals Business awareness Financial awareness Performance planning The performance planning is part of the performance management chain, which involves contract between the manager and the person on what presently needs to do to achieve objectives, move up standards, improve performance and develop the required competencies. It also establishes priorities the key aspects of the job to which attention have to be given. The aim is to make sure that the meaning of the purpose, performance standards and competencies as they apply to everyday work is understood. Agreement is also reached at this phase on how performance will be measured and the proof that will be used to begin levels of competence. It is important that these procedures and evidence requirements should be known and fully approved now because they will be used by persons and managers to check and demonstrate achievements (Armstrong, 2009). Personal development planning Personal development plans provide a learning action plan for which employees are responsible with the support of their managers and the organization. It may contain official training but, more importantly, it will include a wider set of learning and development actions such as self managed learning, training, mentoring, project work, job improvement and job enrichment. It is likely to focus on development in the existing job, and to improve the capability to make it well and to enable individuals to take on bigger responsibilities, extending their ability to accept a broader role. This plan therefore contributes to the success of a policy of continuous development that is predicated on the belief that everyone is able of learning more and doing better in their jobs. The plan will also give to enhancing the likely of persons to carry out higher level jobs (Armstrong, 2009). Managing performance throughout the year: Managing performance is that it is a continuous process that reflects normal good management practices of setting direction, monitoring and measuring performance and taking action accordingly. Performance management should not be imposed on managers as something special they have to do. It should instead be treated as a natural function that all good managers carry out. This approach contracts with that used in conventional performance appraisal systems, which were usually built around an annual event, the formal review, which tended to do well on the past. This was carried out at the behest of the personnel department. Managers proceeded to manage without any further references to the outcome of the review and the appraisal form was buried in the personnel record system (Armstrong, 2009). Performance review and assessment: Performance management is a permanent process it is compulsory to have an official review once or twice a year. This will give an idea on the key performance and development issues. There are mainly five performance management elements for review meetings; they are agreement, feedback, measurement, positive reinforcement and dialogue. These elements will leads to the end of the performance management cycle by informing performance and development agreements (Armstrong, 2009). The criteria for the performance review are Achievements with respect to objectives The level of skills and knowledge possessed and applied (Technical competencies) Performance is getting effected in job by the behavior (Competencies) Day-to-day effectiveness 2.2 Learning and Development: Employee development is the main method followed by most of the organizations to develop organization performance, which in turn requires a perceptive of the processes and techniques of organization, team and individual learning. Performance reviews can be regarded as learning events, in which employees can be encouraged to think about how and in which ways they want to develop. Development programs are reflecting the needs of sequence plans and looking for to promote leadership skills (CIPD, 2010). In a successful organization, employee developmental needs are addressed. Developing in this case means increasing the ability to make through giving training, develop new skills or by giving more responsibilities. Introducing the processes of performance management provides an outstanding opportunity to identify developmental needs. During the planning and monitoring of work, deficiencies in performance become clear and can be addressed. Areas for improving good performance also show up and action can be taken to help successful employees progress even better (OPM, 2010). 2.3 360 Degree feedback: 360 Degree feedback recognizes the difficulty of management and the value of input from a range of sources. The feedback is frequently unspecified and may be presented to the employee to the manager or to both employee and manager. Some organizations do not arrange for feedback to be mysterious. Whether or not feedback is anonymous depends on the organizations culture (Armstrong, 2009). The main advantages of having feedback are Individuals get a broader viewpoint of how they seem by others. It gives people a broad view of their performance Increased awareness by senior management. The main disadvantages of having feedback are Employees or managers do not always give honest feedback People may feel stress in receiving or providing feedback Too much official procedure (bureaucracy) In organizations they do not have a practice of open feedback; it is likely that 360 Degree feedback will be seen with greater levels of distrust. 2.4 Reward: Reward management is concerned with the formulation and implementation of strategies and policies in order to reward people fairly, equally and consistently in agreement with their value to the organization (Armstrong, 2009). The aims of reward management are Reward people as per the organization want to pay for. Reward people for the value they creating. Build up a performance culture Motivate people and obtain their commitment. Help to attract and keep the high quality people the organization desires. Operate fairly Operate transparently 2.5 Rating performance: Rating scales can be defined alphabetically, or numerically. Initials are sometimes used in an attempt to disguise the hierarchical nature of the scale. The alphabetical or numerical points scale points may be described adjectivally, for example, a= excellent, b= good, c= satisfactory and d= dissatisfactory. 2.6 Advantages and concerns of performance management: The advantages of performance management are Performance management focuses on results instead of behaviors and activities. Aligns organization activities, and processes to the goals of the organization. Explains long term views of the organization Provides specificity in commitments and resources Provides specificity for comparisons, directions and planning. The concerns expressed about performance management are that it seems extraordinarily difficult and often unreliable to measure phenomena as complex as performance. People point out that todays organizations are rapidly changing, thus results and measures quickly became obsolete. They add that translating human desires and interactions to measurements is impersonal even heavy handed. 2.7 Role of line managers and HR managers in performance management: Human Resource division at any organization has unique challenges, it has to make sure that the employees are motivated and dedicated to the organization with complete reliability and honesty. However, at the same time, the Human resource division has to make sure that the market dynamics are not badly affected by the total volumes of investment involved in the process. And also line managers are crucial to the success of performance management. But there can be problems with their commitment and skills and it is necessary to involve them in developing the process, provide training and guidance, gain top management support, keep the process simple, emphasize that performance reviews provide for quality time with their staff and need not be stressful if conducted properly. The main objective to the success at Google Inc. is simple work procedure apart from the incredible perks and compensations. There are a few fundamental rewards existing at Google like, there is no real hierarchical structure in the company, and it works in small groups it will give an opportunity to maximize the performance and this follows a flat structure. The ideas getting at the work place which are shared within the groups. Even though they work in smaller groups, they will have a project manager to look over the development of the committees. The company treats the small groups and teams as individual start-ups (NYU IBA, 2008). 3. IMPLEMENTATION OF PERFORMANCE MANAGEMENT: 3.1 Methods of performance management: There are number of methods we can use for managing performance. Below table shows some information on a number of official methods of performance management that may be used (Department of Economic Development, Tourism and the arts, 2010). Process What is this method? Where is this method used? 360 Degree appraisal This method gives a valuable approaching into how the persons work and behavior. This method is often used for managers and supervisors. While the values of this method are very useful, it can be administratively good method for small businesses. This method is used when funding and time is available. Where it is important to get quite a few perspectives on a persons performance, for example in the customer service roles or where the person is working across teams. Self assessment Just the name suggests, the individual assesses their own performance to set criteria. This is a good method for identifying where the businesses opinion of performance and the individuals opinions are different. Where there is an interview based performance management process Competency based assessments In this method they will access skills and capabilities. Ability can be harder to define in jobs with a high level of vagueness or where outcomes are not clearly express, such as managing relationships with staff. Where there are task oriented jobs with little or no ambiguity or decision making responsibility. Management by objectives A collaborative method, the MBO defines goals and future targets by consultation. Future tasks, behavior and productivity, for example, are discussed and a SMART plan is created so that the manager and staff member are aware of what needs to be achieved, to what standard and by when. Where the business uses formal processes to manage performance and where outcomes can be measured accurately. Google feedback program Google implements formal and informal feedback system to evaluate their employees. At Google, an employees manager report and individual reports are considered for the evaluation process. Its formal system of evaluation uses 360 Degrees review method. The employee will also selects three or more officials to review his performance. These reviews are made twice a year and this will reflect on the performance review with an employees bonus. Anyways, there is nothing surprise because regular checking of the performance is a form of informal feedback system and they are more comprehensive than a formal review which is performed twice a year (NYU IBA, 2008). Google reward program Google reward system extensively makes use of these formal and informal feedbacks, where the bonuses are based on the combined performance of the corporate, team and an individual. It got a complex structure of promotions and stock options within the organization. In addition, there is a strong clan society within the organization and comparatively flat organizational structure, making the company more a fusion of the two reward system. One of the Googles most exhilarating employee rewards is its capability to offer stock options. Stock options are typically to exercising the option and purchasing stock at a given date or not, however Google has decided to take a more innovative approach to its reward. Transferable stock options are a compensation program that Google developed for the purpose of allowing employees to trade their options off to a bidder. In this way, Google not only increases the value of every stock option given to its employees but also enhance its options valuations (NYU IBA, 2008). 4. EVALUATION OF PERFORMANCE MANAGEMENT Google feedback program By considering all the above statements, we can say that Google has room to improve upon its feedback system in terms of making it more stabilized and prearranged. In addition, one-on-one interaction should be encourages as much as possible. The informal feedback should come in some sort of format that helps employees more than hurts them, and gives beneficial analysis rather than negative and strange feedback (NYU IBA, 2008). Google reward program What is Googles incentive in giving out these perks and rewards?. Well it is becoming increasingly important to attract and keep top talent in an increasingly competitive job market. With competition from technology giants like Microsoft and Yahoo! Google is offering US$2000 to the current employees, if they refer a friend to work at Google. At the same time these perks and rewards help differentiate Google from its competitors that have expanded their own benefits program in recent years. Despite the seemingly phenomenal environment at Google, we believe the company should consider the system of perks to ensure a stable employee base in the future. In the future, an overemphasis on perks may not build sufficient employee commitment, especially if competitors can imitate Googles programs. Thus, it is better Google slowly merge the perks with the rewards system. Increasing employee rewards, rather than merely offering interesting perks will in the long run help increase employee productivity and loyalty (NYU IBA, 2008). REFERENCES: Armstrong, M. and Baron, A. (2004). Managing performance: performance management in action. London: Chartered Institute of Personal and Development. Armstrong, M. (2006). Performance Management: Key Strategies and Practical Guidelines. 3rd Ed. London: Chartered Institute of Personal and Development.

Essay --

Holocaust Facts The Holocaust has many reasons to it. Some peoples’ questions are never answered about the Holocaust and some answers are. The Holocaust killed over 6 million Jews (Byers.p.10.) Over 1.5 million children (Byers, p.10.)They were all sent to concentration camps to do hard labor work. Jewish people weren’t the only ones sent to concentration camps. People such as people with disabilities, Homosexuals, Gypsies, Jehovah’s Witnesses, Communists, and Socialists (Byers.p.12). Everyone that was sent to concentration camps was sent via Train cars (www.historychannel.com). They had no food, water, or rest rooms up to 18 days. Many people died from the lack of food and water (Byers, p.15.). They children under 12 and elderly were sent to death camps because they were too weak or young too do the hard labor work so they were exterminated quickly (Byers, p.17.). Everybody at the camps were ordered to wear a certain colored star so they were easily spotted. The Holocaust went o n from 1939 to 1945. Throughout all those years it was BAD. The Holocaust started in 1939. In that time period the Germans and the Allied Forces were in war. When they were in war the Germans took all Jews (except the ones in hiding) to multiple concentration camps and death camps. When they were sent to concentration camps they were ordered to take off all their jewelry, gold teeth and clothes. They were provided with stripped pajamas with numbers on them so they can be recognized by their number and not by their names. They were also tattooed on their left forearm with the same number that was on their stripped pajamas. Everybody’s head had to get shaved BALD. After everybody got to get concentration camps they were forced to go into the hard labor imme... ... to be in order from which number they got. If one or two people were late they would have to wake up one hour EARLIER. They had to wake around 4-5 in the morning. So if they were late they would have to wake up way earlier than usual. If they would wake up early they would get no sleep, because they were done with the labor work at night. They would never get as much sleep as they should because the Germans didn’t care all they wanted was their work to get done. A few people survived the concentration camps. It was never promised they will see their family again. Most families were split up when they were taken away to the concentration camps. Some camps were split up by gender. They didn’t care if you were married or if you had kids. If you had kids under 12 years old you weren’t going to see them again because kids were automatically sent to death chambers.

Phaedra vs Hippolytus

Euripides vs. Dassin The classic Greek legend of Phaedra probes the tragic consequences that occur when a woman becomes sexually obsessed with her stepson. In Phaedra (1962) director Jules Dassin presents Phaedra as a woman overwhelmed by passions she cannot control. This follows the interpretation of Phaedra developed by Euripides, who broke with older versions in which Phaedra was an evil sensualist seeking to corrupt her innocent stepson. Dassin adds political punch to the film by exploring the luxurious lives enjoyed by elite shipping families. Where as Hippolytus takes place in Troezen, a city in the northeastern Peloponnese.In the Hippolytus, Phaedras husband is serving a year of voluntary exile for murdering the Pallantids. Where as in Phaedra, he is a very wealthy and free man. A majority of Hippolytus revolves around the goddess Aphrodite. Where as in Phaedra there is no gods or goddess’s. Euripides’ play Hippolytus was written in 428 B. C. , and ever since it has been regarded as one of the great classical works. In his treatment of the Phaedra myth, Euripides presents Phaedra in a state of mental anguish and exhaustion brought about by her love for Hippolytus, which she strives to conceal.Euripides frames the events of the human characters with the presence of the gods Aphrodite and Artemis. Euripides’ Athenian audience was therefore provided with prior knowledge about Phaedra’s guilty secret, for her ‘passion’ is described as being imposed by the god Aphrodite. Euripides portrays Aphrodite as a terrifying and vindictive deity, unlike the voluptuous woman often depicted in visual art. Her opening monologue conveys an imperious attitude, and she sees the world and its people as her domain.Because Aphrodite is the goddess of love, her perception of the world seems reasonable, since her power extends to the everyday lives of the mortals over whom she rules. This is not, however, the benign emotion that today we m ight associate with the word â€Å"love. † Rather, Euripides depicts erotic love as a consuming and destructive force. As Aphrodite states, those who fail to accord the proper respect to her will face obliteration. The terrifying power of love is essential to understanding Aphrodite’s anger at Hippolytus and the development of the play.Aphrodite directs her fury at Hippolytus because he refuses to worship her. He is, as he explains in Scene I, not interested in erotic love and consequently reveres the goddess of love â€Å"from a long way off. † He instead remains chaste and worships Artemis exclusively. This, of course, infuriates Aphrodite who vows to punish him for his blasphemy. Because he will not honor erotic love, she decides that its power will destroy him, thereby proving her supremacy over humanity to all those who hear of Hippolytus’ destruction.Her vehicle for punishing him is Phaedra, his stepmother, who thus becomes a victim of love. Phaedra ’s position in the play as the agent through whom Aphrodite exacts her revenge creates an ethical problem. According to Aphrodite’s scheme, Phaedra must die, but unlike Hippolytus, she has not committed any offenses against the goddess of love. Phaedra therefore becomes a victim of love’s power, a pawn bewitched into loving her stepson who then commits suicide out of shame. Yet as Aphrodite explains, â€Å"Her suffering does not weight in the scale so much that I should let my enemies go untouched. Reconciling Aphrodite’s need for revenge and Phaedra’s innocence is an interpretive challenge of the play, and Euripides does not provide an easy answer. Out of this tension arises a central conflict of the play, specifically concerning the relationship between men and gods during the period in which Euripides wrote. This relationship seems tenuous at best and bears little resemblance to modern perspectives on religion. As such, an essential question to consider is what responsibilities gods had to people and people to gods.Euripides’s tragedy offers a few insights into this relationship. As evidenced by Aphrodite’s reaction to Hippolytus’ exclusive devotion to Artemis, humans were to worship all of the gods. This relationship, however, does not seem reciprocal. Rather, Aphrodite’s manipulation of Phaedra indicates that the gods had few obligations to humans. Free from the burdens of protecting men, the gods used men as their playthings while humans had to worship the gods to placate them and avoid incurring their wrath.Dassin’s Phaedra is the forty-something, second wife of shipping magnate Thanos Kyrilis, who wishes to reconcile with his estranged son Alexis, an art student living in London. The athletic and handsome Thanos is a cunning businessman involved in international commerce, but he is likable and adores his wife. He gives Phaedra expensive gifts and names his new prize ship in her hono r. Phaedra is not ignored or abused by an unattractive or deceitful husband. Dassin adds political punch to the film by exploring the luxurious lives enjoyed by elite shipping families.This is not done in a heavy-handed manner. The lavish villas, yachts, and fashionable attire of the super rich are simply allowed to speak for themselves without any editorial grumbling by Greek commoners. Dassin takes a further jab at the Greek shippers by setting up marital relationships between his characters that parallel real-life marriages involving the Onassis and Niarchos shipping clans. The tragedy takes form when Thanos cajoles a reluctant Phaedra to deliver a message to Alexis in London that his father wants his twenty-four-year-old son to be at his side.From their first encounter, Phaedra and Alexis engage in a playful flirtation inappropriate to their relationship. Alexis invites Phaedra to meet his â€Å"girl,† which turns out to be a pricey sports car in a dealership window. Thei r empathy, however, leads to Alexis meeting with his father in Paris. When business needs require Thanos to leave for New York City, Phaedra, persuades Alexis to remain. The supposedly mounting passion between Mercouri and Perkins lacks chemistry. All the sexual energy comes from the sultry Phaedra and her attraction to the bland Alexis is inexplicable.Nor is Dassin’s camera effective in addressing this sexual void. The film’s big sex scene is an unimaginative sequence of blurred shots of the embracing couple punctuated by shots of a rain storm at the window, a blazing fireplace, and glowing candles. After living together in Paris for more than a week, Alexis asks Phaedra to declare her love openly and return with him to London. Phaedra, however, feels compelled to rejoin her husband on the island of Hydra. Fearful of her lack of self control, she tells Alexis, â€Å"Don’t come. † Greece brings no respite to Phaedra’s emotions.Although still yearni ng for Alexis, she is tormented by her sense of shame and deceit. Her only confidant is Anna (Olympia Papoudaka), her aging personal maid, who is distraught by Phaedra’s anguish. Anna’s emotions have homoerotic aspects that feel far more genuine than the emotions Alexis has projected. The women take siestas together, but their sexual intimacy remains limited to the adoring Anna’s caresses. Thanos informs Alexis that the car he so admires is waiting for him in Hydra. Alexis demands to know what Phaedra desires him to do.The increasingly unstable Phaedra reverses what she had said earlier and implores Alexis to come as soon as possible, but her plans go awry when Alexis hews ever closer to his father while becoming ever more wary of her. The sexual dynamics intensify when Ercy, Alexis’s beautiful second cousin, a woman his own age, falls in love with him. Thanos and his circle are delighted at the prospect of a marriage that would further unite the shipping families. A now sullen and possessive Phaedra stands between Alexis and all that is â€Å"normal. Alexis reacts by playing the role of a carefree party boy at the local seaside tavern. He goes off with the first available woman, an act designed to cool Ercy’s ardor and belittle Phaedra. The film reaches its climax when the luxury ship named Phaedra, seen launched in the film’s opening scenes, sinks, killing most of its crew. Phaedra, obsessed by her own agenda, arrives at Thanos’s offices in the midst of the crisis. Ironically clad in white, she pushes her way through black-clad women anxious to know the fate of their men. Oblivious to the grief around her, Phaedra-in-white reveals her secret love to Thanos.An enraged Thanos manages to restrain himself from striking her, but beats Alexis viciously, ordering him, as he did Phaedra, to leave his sight forever. The blood-soaked Alexis returns to the family villa for a last embrace of his â€Å"girl. † Phae dra appears at the garage door and tells him they can now live openly as lovers; he replies that he wishes Phaedra dead. The rejected Phaedra returns to the main house where she takes an overdose of sleeping pills while the now frenzied Alexis, listening to music by Bach, drives his â€Å"girl† over a cliff.

Govt 2302 Essays

Govt 2302 Essays Govt 2302 Paper Govt 2302 Paper HAPTER 12 The Judiciary Chapter Focus The purpose of this chapter is to describe the policy-making role of the federal judiciary, in particular that of the Supreme Court. To appreciate the significance of this role, students need basic knowledge about the history of the Supreme Court, the structure and procedures of the federal courts, the nature of controversy over the courts, and the restraints on judicial policy making. After reading and reviewing the material in this chapter, you should be able to do each of the following: 1. Discuss the meaning and significance of judicial review and its relationship to Marbury v. Madison. 2. List and comment on the three eras of varying Supreme Court influences on national policy from the days of slavery to the present. 3. Describe the partisan influences on federal judicial appointments. 4. Describe how the nature of federalism affects the jurisdiction of federal and state courts. 5. Discuss the ways in which cases can get to the Supreme Court. 6. Describe the financial and non-financial obstacles of getting into federal court. 7. Explain how political scientists classify justices as liberal or conservative and why they do so. 8. Enumerate four measures of judicial power and describe how judicial power can be restrained by Congress and by public opinion. 9. Develop arguments for and against an activist Supreme Court. 10. Explain the relationship between public and the courts. Study Outline I. Introduction A. Courts in the United States play a major role in policy making 1. Due to judicial review: right to declare acts and laws unconstitutional 2. Since 1789, Supreme Court has ruled over 100 laws unconstitutional 3. In Great Britain, no judicial review in American sense, but parliamentary supremacy B. : Controversy is over method of judicial review 1. Strict constructionist (conservative philosophy today) 2. Activist approach (liberal philosophy today) II. The Development of the Federal Courts A. Introduction 1. Founders did not expect a major policy role for the federal courts 2. Traditional view: judges find and apply existing law 3. Evolution of courts shaped by political, economic, and ideological forces B. National supremacy and slavery (1789–1865) 1. Marbury v. Madison- established doctrine of judicial review (see the â€Å"Marbury v. Madison† box) 2. McCulloch v. Maryland: federal law declared supreme over state law 3. Dred Scott v. Sandford: blacks were not, and could not become, free 4. Interstate commerce clause is placed under the authority of federal law C. Government and the economy (1865–1937) 1. Dominant issue of the period: whether the economy could be regulated by state and federal governments 2. Private property held to be protected by the Fourteenth Amendment 3. Courts unsure of how to draw line between â€Å"reasonable† and â€Å"unreasonable† regulation 4. The Court interpreted the Fourteenth and Fifteenth Amendments narrowly as applied to blacks D. The protection of political liberty and economic regulation (1937–present) 1. Supreme Court gave regulatory powers to legislatures 2. Voided congressional acts that violate personal liberties 3. Court-packing plan shifts interpretation III. The Structure of the Federal Courts A. Only federal court mandated by Constitution is Supreme Court 1. Congress has created constitutional courts- district Courts (94), courts of appeals (12), plus other specialized courts (e. . , Court of International Trade) 2. Legislative courts- specialized purpose, fixed office terms for judges (e. g. , Court of Military Appeals and other territorial courts) B. Recent court nominations 1. Bush administration nominees 2. Filibustering by Senate democrats C. Supreme Court appointments are partisan 1. Nominated by president, confirmed by Senate (only five rejected during the twentieth century) 2. Presidents cann ot be sure how a judge will behave after appointment 3. Presidents can tilt Court ideologically D. Lower federal courts 1. Senatorial courtesy† checks presidential control in district court nominations 2. Comparison of Carter and Reagan appointments: number of women and blacks 3. Democratic and Republican judges differ in voting, but ideology usually does not influence decisions IV. The Jurisdiction of the Federal Courts (see the â€Å"Jurisdiction of the Federal Courts† box) A. Dual court system 1. Federal jurisdiction: Article III and the Eleventh Amendment- involve â€Å"federal question† cases, diversity of citizenship cases 2. Federal District Court handles federal criminal laws 3. Appeal from a federal regulatory agency goes to U. S. Court of Appeal 4. Only Supreme Court handles disputes between two state governments 5. Vast majority of all federal cases begin in district courts 6. Gideon case illustrates how lower court’s appeal can be influential B. Appeals to the Supreme Court 1. Certiorari- main route involving substantial federal questions 2. Courts of appeal usually last word V. Getting to Court A. Deterrents 1. The Court rejects 95 percent of applications for certiorari 2. High costs of appeal (pauper writs) B. Fee shifting . Each party must pay cost of lawsuit 2. Fee shifting allows plaintiff to collect costs from defendant 3. Flood of Section 1983 lawsuits C. Standing 1. Must be controversy between adversaries 2. Personal harm must be demonstrated 3. Being taxpayer not entitlement for suit 4. Sovereign immunity, but government can waive D. Class-action suits 1. Brought on behalf of all similarly situated- Brown v. Board of Education 2. Financia l incentives to bring suit; Congress not addressing issues; profitable for lawyers 3. Need to notify all members of the class since 1974 VI. The Supreme Court in Action A. Oral arguments by lawyers 1. Questions by justices 2. Role of solicitor general 3. Amicus curiae briefs influence as well as legal periodicals B. Conference procedures 1. Role of chief justice 2. Selection of opinion writer 3. Opinions- per curiam, unanimous, majority, concurring, or dissenting C. Voting behavior 1. Blocs on Court are predictable 2. Three blocs: liberal, conservative, and swing VII. The Power of the Courts A. The power to make policy 1. By interpretation 2. Importance of stare decisis, or precedent, but court will change mind 3. Court’s willingness to deal with â€Å"political questions† 4. Judicial â€Å"remedies†- may affect thousands or even millions of people B. Views of judicial activism 1. Courts are last resort and correct injustices 2. Courts lack expertise in particular 3. Court is not accountable to the people; judges not elected C. The causes of activism 1. U. S. has more lawyers, but a symptom not a cause 2. American adversary culture 3. Easier for people to get into court 4. Vague congressional language requires judicial interpretation 5. Reviewing regulatory agency decisions 6. Belief of many judges/law professors that courts should make policy VIII. Checks on Judicial Power A. Court decisions can be resisted, since courts cannot enforce B. Congress and the courts 1. Alter the composition of the judiciary 2. Confirmation and impeachment proceedings 3. Changing the number of judges 4. Revising legislation declared unconstitutional 5. Altering jurisdiction of the courts 6. Constitutional amendment C. Public opinion and the courts 1. Opinion can both restrain and energize the courts 2. Supreme Court most powerful when parties have been weak or divided 3. Opinion may object to decisions but not to court as institution 4. Opinion of courts vary with support of government as a whole Key Terms Match Match the following terms and descriptions. Set 1 |1. _____ Describes when a president has attempted to appoint his |a. activist | |type of judges to the Court in order to secure a majority. |b. amicus curiae brief | |2. _____ A means by which one who has an interest in a case, but |c. briefs | |is not a litigant, can present views. d. class-action suit | |3. _____ A means by which one who has been injured can bring |e. recess appointment | |action on behalf of all similarly situated. |f. constitutional courts | |4. _____ The power of the courts to determine the |g. courts of appeal | |constitutionality of legislative and executive acts. |h. dissenting opinion | |5. ____ Litigation in which a citizen of one state sues a |i. Dred Scott | |citizen of another state and the amount of money in dispute is |j. diversity case | |more than $50,000. |k . Federalist No. 78 | |6. _____ A court established under Article III of the |l. †packing the court† | |Constitution. |m. in forma pauperis | |7. _____ An approach to judicial review which holds that judges |n. udicial review | |should discover the general principles underlying the |o. American rule | |Constitution. |p. Marbury v. Madison | | |q. McCulloch v. Maryland | | | | | | | |8. ____ Correlates with the thoughts of the Founding Fathers | | |that the courts would play a relatively neutral-passive role in | | |public affairs. | | |9. _____ Intermediate appellate courts of the federal judiciary | | |which have been classified â€Å"constitutional courts† by Congress. | | |10. ____ Describes how in America each party to a lawsuit must | | |pay its own way. | | |11. _____ A petition filed with the U. S. Supreme Court by a | | |pauper. | | |12. _____ Considered one of the most disastrous judicial opinions| | |ever issued- declaring the Missouri Compromise unconstitutional. | | 13. _____ Legal documents submitted by lawyers which set forth | | |the facts of a case. | | |14. _____ A decision of the Supreme Court which interpreted the | | |Constitution to give the Supreme Court the power to declare an | | |act of Congress unconstitutional. | |15. _____ A decision of the Supreme Court which held that the | | |power of the federal government flows from the people and that | | |federal law is supreme over state law. | | |16. _____ A judicial appointment made by a president while the | | |Congress is not in session. | | |17. ____ This is an opinion of one or more justices of the | | |Supreme Court on the losing side. | | Set 2 |1. _____ Known as the school desegregation case. |a. Opinion of the Court | |2. _____ Set the precedent that all accused persons in state as |b. per curiam opinion | |well as federal criminal trials be supplied with a lawyer, free if |c. Gideon case | |necessary. d. remedy | |3. _____ A landmark case dealing with reverse discrimination. |e. senatorial courtesy | |4. _____ A tradition under which the Senate will defer to the |f. Brown v. Board of Education | |judgment of a senator of the president’s party when determining the|g. sovereign immunity | |suitability of candidates for federal judgeships from the senator’s|h. Bakke case | |state. i. stare decisis | |5. _____ An example of a legislative court where terms are fixed |j. strict constructionism | |and justices can be removed or have their salaries reduced. |k. voting blocs | |6. _____ The rule of precedent. |l. Court of Military Appeals | |7. _____ Groups of justices on the Supreme Court who tend to take | | |consistent positions on issues. | |8. _____ This is a judicial order setting forth what must be done | | |to correct a situation a judge believes to be wrong. | | |9. _____ An approach to judicial review which holds that judges | | |should confine themselves to applying those rules that are stated | | |in or clearly implied by the language of the Constitution. | |10. _____ The doctrine that a citizen cannot sue the government | | |without its consent. | | |11. _____ This is a brief, unsigned opinion of the Supreme Court. | | |12. _____ This is the written opinion of the Supreme Court’s | | |majority. | | Did You Think That . . . ? A number of misconceptions are listed below. You should be able to refute each statement in the space provided, referring to information or argumentation contained in this chapter. Sample answers appear at the end of the Study Guide. 1. â€Å"The Framers expected the Supreme Court to play the large role that it subsequently has played. †

Pa Element or Protactinium Facts

Pa Element or Protactinium Facts Protactinium is a radioactive element predicted to exist in 1871 by Mendeleev, although it was not discovered until 1917 or isolated until 1934. The element has atomic number 91 and element symbol Pa. Like most elements on the periodic table, protactinium is a silver-colored metal. However, the metal is dangerous to handle because it and its compounds are both toxic and radioactive. Here are useful and interesting Pa element facts: Name: Protactinium (previously brevium and then protoactinium, but the IUPAC shortened the name to protactinium in 1949 to make the element name easier to pronounce) Atomic Number: 91 Symbol: Pa Atomic Weight: 231.03588 Discovery: Fajans Gohring 1913; Fredrich Soddy, John Cranston, Otto Hahn, Lise Meitner 1917 (England/France). Dmitri Mendeleev predicted the existed of an element between thorium and uranium on the periodic table. However, the actinide group was not known at that time. William Crookes isolated protactinium from uranium in 1900, but he was unable to characterize it, so does not get credit for discovery. Protactinium was not isolated as a pure element until 1934 by  Aristid von Grosse. Electron Configuration: [Rn] 7s2 5f2 6d1 Word Origin: Greek protos, meaning first. Fajans and Gohring in 1913 named the element brevium, because the isotope they discovered, Pa-234, was short-lived. When Pa-231 was identified by Hahn and Meitner in 1918, the name protoactinium was adopted because this name was considered to be more consistent with the characteristics of the most abundant isotope (protactinium forms actinium when it radioactively decays). In 1949, the name protoactinium was shortened to protactinium. Isotopes: Protactinium has 13 isotopes. The most common isotope is Pa-231, which has a half-life of 32,500 years. The first isotope to be discovered was Pa-234, which was also called UX2. Pa-234 is a short-lived member of the naturally occurring U-238 decay series. The longer-lived isotope, Pa-231, was identified by Hahn and Meitner in 1918. Properties: The atomic weight of protactinium is 231.0359, its melting point is 1600 °C, specific gravity has been calculated to be 15.37, with a valence of 4 or 5. Protactinium has a bright metallic luster which is retained for a while in air. The element is superconductive below 1.4K. Several protactinium compounds are known, some of which are colored. Protactinium is an alpha emitter (5.0 MeV) and is a radiological hazard which requires special handling. Protactinium is one of the rarest and most expensive naturally occurring elements. Sources:  The element occurs in pitchblende to the extent of about 1 part Pa-231 to 10 million parts ore. In general, Pa only occurs at a concentration of a few parts per trillion in the Earths crust. While originally isolated from uranium ores, today protactinium is made as a fission intermediate in thorium high-temperature nuclear reactors. Other Interesting Protactinium Facts In solution, the 5 oxidation state quickly combines with hydroxide ions to form (radioactive) hydroxy-oxide solids that stick to the surface of the container.Protactinium has no stable isotopes.Handling of protactinium is similar to that of plutonium, due to its potent radioactivity.Even if it was not radioactive, protactinium would present a health risk because the element is also a toxic metal.The largest amount of protactinium obtained to date was 125 grams, which the Great Britain Atomic Energy Authority extracted from 60 tons of nuclear waste.Although protactinium has few uses aside from research purposes, it may be combined with the isotope thorium-230 to date marine sediments.The estimated cost of one gram of protactinium is about $280. Element Classification: Radioactive Rare Earth (Actinide) Density (g/cc): 15.37 Melting Point (K): 2113 Boiling Point (K): 4300 Appearance: silvery-white, radioactive metal Atomic Radius (pm): 161 Atomic Volume (cc/mol): 15.0 Ionic Radius: 89 (5e) 113 (3e) Specific Heat (20 °C J/g mol): 0.121 Fusion Heat (kJ/mol): 16.7 Evaporation Heat (kJ/mol): 481.2 Pauling Negativity Number: 1.5 Oxidation States: 5, 4 Lattice Structure: Tetragonal Lattice Constant (Ã…): 3.920 Sources Emsley, John (2011).  Natures building blocks: An A-Z Guide to the Elements. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-960563-7.Greenwood, Norman N.; Earnshaw, Alan (1997).  Chemistry of the Elements  (2nd ed.). Butterworth-Heinemann. ISBN 978-0-08-037941-8.Hammond, C. R. (2004). The Elements, in  Handbook of Chemistry and Physics  (81st ed.). CRC press. ISBN 978-0-8493-0485-9.Weast, Robert (1984).  CRC, Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. Boca Raton, Florida: Chemical Rubber Company Publishing. ISBN 0-8493-0464-4. Return to the Periodic Table

Pharmacokinetics of the seroteninergic anorectic agent, Essay

Pharmacokinetics of the seroteninergic anorectic agent, dexfenfluramine - Essay Example Serotoninergic anorectic agent, dexfenfluramine acts to increase the serotonin level in extracellular space of the brain causing reduced appetite. This effect promotes its use in obesity treatments. Its ability to, dissolve in lipids provide easier transportation across blood brain barrier. Scientists developed dexfenfluramine, dextrorotary stereoisomer of fenfluramine to reduce the side effect of fenfluramine, developed in 1960s and marketed as pondimin. Approval of dexfenfluramine by FDA took place in 1976 but its introduction to market took place later in 1995 by Wyeth since fenfluramine had shown to cause hypertension in some people using it to fight obesity. Later withdrawal on September 15, 1997 from US market was due to side effect associated with heart problems. Dexfenfluramine is a synthetic anti-obesity chemical with molecular weight of 267.7, white crystalline powder, with high solubility saline solution, alcohol and chloroform. Dexfenfluramine has a solubility of 100nm in water. It also acts to decrease the growth hormones such as leptin and insulin but lead to increase in gherlin. Dexfenfluramine is more potent in inhibition of serotonin reuptake than active metabolite nordexfenfluramine. However, it is less potent in acceleration of serotonin release into the synaptic cleft. Administration of dexfenfluramine is mainly through oral, inhalation routes and lesser extent intravenous infusion in compound called dexfenfluramine hydrochloride (C12H16F3N,HCl)1. Oral administration of compound under the name of ‘redux’ was in capsules enclosing white crystalline powder weighing 15mg. The oral route is favoured due to resistance of dexfenfluramine to acidic media in the stomach. In addition, the hydrophobic nature of the drug is favours diffusion through the gastro intestinal walls. In some cases though rare,

Trade and labour standards Dissertation Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 15000 words

Trade and labour standards - Dissertation Example As such, in June 1998, the ILO Declaration on Fundamental Principles and Rights at Work was adopted. This development served to force the member states of the ILO. Another important outcome was that it was emphatically prohibited to employ labour standards for protectionist trade purposes. These principles and rights are first, freedom of association and actual recognition of a right to collective bargaining. Second, proscription of any form of compulsory or forced labour. Third, elimination of child labour. Fourth, prohibition of any form of discrimination, with respect to occupation and employment (Policy Brief. International Trade and Core Labour Standards, 2000). The ILO’s follow – up mechanism, in this context, is a significant development in its ability to address the difficulties arising from economic liberalisation at the international level. This system makes it possible to review the relevant progress made by the member states that have not ratified the core l abour standards conventions. A major supporter of this mechanism is the US which has made significant monetary contribution. The US has proposed a system that would assess the influence of international labour standards on international trade and the aims of the GATT (Grace, 2005). This US stance has resulted in the adoption of the basic labour standards of the ILO as the fundamental norms for worker rights. During the 1996, ministerial conference at Singapore, the US called upon the ILO – WTO cooperation to make themselves reciprocally supportive. In addition, it was also stated that there was an urgent need to promote a trading system that was non – discriminatory and transparent. Thereafter, at the 1999 Seattle ministerial meeting of the WTO, the US recommended certain explicit issues for consideration. Some of these were the relationship between social protection, core labour standards and trade; forced labour and trade; positive trade incentives; and derogation on account of trade from national labour standards (Grace, 2005). The extant standards relating to labour are not under the control of the rules and disciplines of the World Trade Organization (WTO). However, some member states of the European Union (EU) and a few nations of North America have expressed the opinion that the WTO should address this issue. It is the firm belief of these countries that such a course of action is indispensable for strengthening public confidence in the international trading system and the WTO (Trade and Labour Standards, 2011). It is the firm conviction of these nations that the WTO should pursue the denial of rights, such as the freedom to engage in collective bargaining, freedom of association, eradication of discrimination in the workplace and workplace abuse. It has been suggested by these countries that these issues can be brought into the WTO, by the strategy of constituting a working group to analyse the norms related to trade and labour (Trade and Labour Standards, 2011). This initiative is believed to better the conditions of all the workers of the world. Views relating to international labour standards admit of considerable divergence. Social and labour activists are seized with the inexorable increase of imports from countries that have scant